These works support various notions of security, butnone of them interact directly with money or leverage public blockchains for ensuring financial fairness. show how to generate secure distributed protocols such as sealed auctions, battleship games, and banking applica- tions. Several works have developed programming frameworks that take in high- level programs as specifications and generate cryptographic implementations, including compilers for secure multi-party computation, ,, , authenticated data struc-tures, and ( zero- knowledge) proofs,. Our work therefore comes closest to realizing the original vision of parties interacting with a trustworthy “ virtual computer” that executes programs involving money and data. Besides recent decentralized cryptocurrencies, which guaran- tee authenticity but not privacy, other smart contract imple- mentations rely on trusted servers for security. The conceptual idea of programmable elec- tronic “smart contracts” dates back nearly twenty years. In comparison, Hawk provides a generic platform such that non- specialist programmers can easily develop privacy-preserving smart contracts.Smart contracts. Second, these earlier works either do not offer system implementations or provide implementations only for specific applications (e.g., lottery). For example, it is not clear how to implement our sealed auction example using these earlier techniques. These protocols also perform off-chain secure computation of various types, but do not guarantee transactional privacy (i.e., hiding the currency flows and amounts transacted). , show how Bitcoin can be used to ensure fairness in secure multi- party computation protocols. A few prior works have explored how to leverage the blockchain technology to achieve fairness in pro- tocol design. Leveraging blockchain for financial fairness.
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